Effects of exposure and previous exposure to copper on growth of veliger larvae and survivorship of Mytilus edulis juveniles
Hoare, K.; Davenport, J.; Beaumont, A.R. (1995). Effects of exposure and previous exposure to copper on growth of veliger larvae and survivorship of Mytilus edulis juveniles. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 120: 163-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps120163
Exposure of Mytilus edulis L. (Mollusca: Bivalvia) to 8 ppb (ppb = ug l-1) added copper during the veliger larval or post-larval (spat) stages has no significant effects on survivorship or shell growth. However, previous exposure to 8 ppb added copper during the embryo stage significantly increases veliger growth rate and decreases spat survivorship in a population from the Menai Strait, Wales, UK, in which this level of copper causes a significant increase in embryo abnormality. No such effects of pre-exposure are seen in a population from the Westerschelde, The Netherlands, where 8 ppb added copper does not constitute a stress on the embryo. These 'pre-incubation' (embryo exposure) effects far outweigh any direct influence of 8 ppb copper exposure during the later stages and have a substantial effect on estimates of the toxicity of copper over the life cycle of M. edulis.
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